Sankalp Daily Current Affairs - 19 November 2025 (Key Updates, Analysis & MCQs)

Topic 1: CBDT Announces New ITR Forms and Rules under Income Tax Act to be Notified by January 2026

News Context

The Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT) has recently announced that the Income Tax Department will introduce new Income Tax Return (ITR) forms and associated rules under the latest amendments of the Income Tax Act, with notifications expected by January 2026. This move comes at a crucial time when both salaried individuals and businesses are seeking clarity on compliance requirements following recent reforms aimed at simplifying taxation, enhancing transparency, and reducing litigation.

The announcement has drawn attention from taxpayers, tax professionals, and corporates alike because it promises to streamline filing procedures while aligning the ITR framework with digital and automated tax assessment systems. With the Indian government pushing towards a more tech-driven and compliant tax ecosystem, the upcoming forms and rules are expected to address long-standing ambiguities, reduce errors in reporting, and integrate various disclosures mandated under recent amendments, including provisions related to digital assets, new exemptions, and updated tax slabs.

Explanation

Income Tax Returns (ITRs) are the primary mechanism for taxpayers to report income, deductions, and tax payments to the government. The process involves not just disclosing income from salary, business, capital gains, and other sources, but also ensuring that claimed deductions, exemptions, and credits comply with the Income Tax Act. The upcoming ITR forms are being designed to be more structured and user-friendly, with a focus on automation, which can help taxpayers reduce manual errors and streamline compliance.

The changes are expected to cover:

• Integration of updated income classifications under the new sections of the Income Tax Act.
• Clearer guidance on reporting income from digital assets, dividends, and foreign sources.
• Enhanced reporting for salaried individuals, businesses, and professionals with multiple sources of income.
• Improved reconciliation of TDS (Tax Deducted at Source) and TCS (Tax Collected at Source) data with return filings.

These reforms are significant because they reflect a broader trend of modernising India’s tax administration, moving towards real-time data verification, and leveraging artificial intelligence to detect inconsistencies and reduce disputes. Taxpayers can expect simplified filing formats and an emphasis on pre-filled information, thereby reducing compliance costs and the time spent on manual data entry.

Key Facts and Background

1. The Income Tax Act, 1961, is the cornerstone of India’s direct tax system, governing taxation for individuals, companies, and other entities.
2. The CBDT functions under the Department of Revenue, Ministry of Finance, and is responsible for policy formulation, administration, and monitoring of direct taxes.
3. Currently, there are multiple ITR forms (ITR-1 to ITR-7), each applicable to different categories of taxpayers, such as salaried individuals, businesses, partnerships, companies, and trusts.
4. The amendments leading to these new forms include provisions for digital transactions, cryptocurrencies, and stricter reporting norms for foreign income and assets.
5. Over the past five years, the government has introduced various reforms such as faceless assessments, automated processing of returns, and AI-based scrutiny to reduce human intervention and increase transparency.
6. By January 2026, the CBDT plans to notify the new forms, accompanying instructions, and a detailed guide to help taxpayers transition smoothly.

Reasons Behind the Change

• Simplification of Tax Compliance: Many taxpayers, especially salaried individuals and small business owners, face difficulties in accurately reporting complex sources of income. Streamlined ITR forms can significantly reduce errors.
• Integration with Digital Economy: With increased digital transactions and use of platforms like UPI, crypto exchanges, and fintech solutions, updated forms can help reconcile digital income accurately.
• Reduction of Litigation: Clearer rules and structured reporting are expected to lower disputes between taxpayers and the Income Tax Department.
• Automation and Pre-Filled Returns: Pre-filling income data from salary, bank interest, dividends, and TDS/TCS records can reduce manual effort and enhance transparency.
• Compliance with International Standards: Reporting of foreign assets, income, and cryptocurrency is aligned with OECD and global tax compliance norms.

How the New ITR System Will Work

1. Pre-Filled Data Integration: Salaried employees will receive pre-filled ITR forms based on Form 16, bank interest certificates, and TDS data from other sources.
2. Enhanced Reporting for Businesses: Firms will report income, deductions, and GST-adjusted figures through automated integration with accounting software and Form 26AS.
3. Digital Asset Disclosure: Taxpayers holding cryptocurrency, NFTs, or other digital assets will report gains in designated sections, reducing ambiguity in classification.
4. Simplified Error Rectification: The new system will allow automated detection of discrepancies, offering suggestions to correct errors before submission.
5. E-Verification and Faster Processing: Digitally verified returns can be processed quickly, leading to faster refunds and reduced delays.

Impact on Taxpayers

• Individuals: Salaried and pensioners will benefit from simplified filing with minimal manual intervention.
• Businesses and Professionals: Clear reporting formats and structured guidelines will reduce compliance burden and facilitate reconciliation.
• Chartered Accountants and Tax Experts: They will need to update their practices to accommodate new forms and help clients transition smoothly.
• Government: Improved data accuracy will enhance revenue collection and help target enforcement actions efficiently.

Legal and Policy Basis

1. Income Tax Act, 1961: Governs assessment, filing, and payment of income tax.
2. Finance Act, 2023 & 2024: Introduced amendments relating to digital assets, TDS, and exemptions impacting new forms.
3. CBDT Guidelines: Empower the board to frame ITR forms and reporting rules under Section 139 of the Act.
4. E-Governance Policies: Initiatives like the Faceless Assessment Scheme support digital filing and scrutiny.

Challenges Ahead

• Educating taxpayers about new sections and disclosures.
• Ensuring digital literacy among rural and semi-urban populations.
• Aligning automated systems with diverse business structures and income streams.
• Maintaining data security amid increased digital reporting.

Way Forward

• Nationwide awareness campaigns through media and government portals.
• Step-by-step guides and FAQs for taxpayers and practitioners.
• Training workshops for tax professionals on new forms.
• Integration of AI and machine learning to detect anomalies while protecting data privacy.

Conclusion

The CBDT’s announcement marks a significant step towards modernising India’s taxation framework. By January 2026, the introduction of new ITR forms and rules is expected to streamline compliance, enhance transparency, and simplify filing for individuals and businesses alike. These reforms reflect the government’s commitment to leveraging technology for efficient tax administration, reducing litigation, and fostering a culture of voluntary compliance. A well-executed rollout of these changes can strengthen taxpayer confidence, improve data accuracy, and ensure that India’s direct tax system is aligned with global best practices.

Topic 2: Ethiopia Reports Three Deaths in Marburg Virus Outbreak

News Context

Ethiopia has recently reported three deaths caused by the Marburg virus, a rare but highly lethal disease belonging to the same viral family as Ebola. This announcement has raised significant concerns both within the country and across the global health community. Marburg virus, first identified in 1967 during outbreaks in Germany and Serbia linked to African green monkeys, is known for its extremely high fatality rate and potential to cause widespread hemorrhagic fever outbreaks if not contained promptly.

Ethiopia’s Health Ministry confirmed that the fatalities occurred in the southern regions of the country, where access to healthcare and rapid diagnostic facilities is limited. Early detection and containment are crucial to prevent the virus from spreading, as it is transmitted through direct contact with bodily fluids of infected individuals or contaminated surfaces. While the outbreak is currently localized, the World Health Organization (WHO) has expressed concern over the risk of cross-border transmission, given Ethiopia’s proximity to several countries in the Horn of Africa.

This outbreak comes at a time when the global public health system is already under pressure from multiple infectious disease challenges, including recurrent outbreaks of Ebola, COVID-19 variants, and other endemic viruses. The Ethiopian case underscores the continued vulnerability of many African nations to hemorrhagic viruses, highlighting the need for robust surveillance, rapid response mechanisms, and community awareness programs.

Explanation

The Marburg virus is a filamentous virus belonging to the family Filoviridae, closely related to the Ebola virus. It causes Marburg virus disease (MVD), which is characterized by sudden onset of fever, severe headache, malaise, and in many cases, hemorrhagic manifestations including bleeding from the eyes, nose, and internal organs. The disease has an incubation period of 2–21 days, during which the infected person may not show symptoms but can still transmit the virus once symptomatic.

Transmission primarily occurs through direct contact with the blood, secretions, organs, or other bodily fluids of infected people, as well as through contact with contaminated surfaces. Fruit bats of the species Rousettus aegyptiacus are considered natural hosts of the virus and act as reservoirs, which makes controlling spillover events from wildlife to humans particularly challenging in regions with close human-animal interaction.

Marburg virus outbreaks, while rare, have been reported sporadically across Africa, with previous significant cases in Angola (2004–2005), Uganda (2012), and the Democratic Republic of Congo (1998–2000). The case fatality rate for Marburg virus disease ranges from 24% to 88%, depending on the virus strain and the effectiveness of the medical response. In Ethiopia, the current outbreak’s fatality rate is concerning given the limited health infrastructure in rural regions.

Key Facts and Background

• Marburg virus is named after the German city of Marburg, where the first outbreak occurred in 1967.
• The virus is zoonotic, meaning it spreads from animals to humans. Fruit bats are its natural reservoirs.
• Human-to-human transmission occurs through direct contact with infected fluids or contaminated surfaces.
• Symptoms include sudden fever, chills, headache, myalgia (muscle pain), vomiting, diarrhea, and hemorrhaging.
• There is no licensed antiviral treatment for MVD; supportive care including fluid replacement, oxygen therapy, and management of complications improves survival chances.
• WHO has a global alert system for hemorrhagic fevers, including Marburg virus, to help prevent international spread.
• Past outbreaks have shown that early detection, isolation, and rigorous infection control can limit fatalities and transmission.

Ethiopia’s public health authorities have initiated surveillance and contact-tracing protocols, identifying individuals who were in close contact with the deceased patients. Quarantine measures have been implemented in affected villages, while community sensitization programs aim to inform residents about hygiene practices and early symptom recognition. Despite these measures, healthcare experts caution that limited laboratory capacity and resource constraints could hinder swift containment.

Why the Outbreak Matters

1. Public Health Risk: Marburg virus, though rare, has a high mortality rate. Even a small outbreak can quickly overwhelm healthcare facilities in resource-limited settings.
2. Cross-border Concerns: Ethiopia shares borders with Somalia, Sudan, South Sudan, Kenya, and Eritrea. Cross-border travel could facilitate regional spread if containment fails.
3. Global Preparedness Test: The outbreak tests international health emergency preparedness, coordination between WHO, African CDC, and local health ministries.
4. Community Impact: Fear and misinformation can exacerbate the crisis. Misguided traditional practices, such as washing or handling bodies of the deceased without protection, can increase transmission.
5. Economic Implications: Epidemics can disrupt trade, agriculture, and labor productivity, particularly in rural economies dependent on local markets.

Scientific Mechanism of Marburg Virus Disease

The virus infects multiple cell types, including macrophages, monocytes, and endothelial cells. It triggers a strong immune response, often leading to systemic inflammation, capillary leakage, and multi-organ failure. The hemorrhagic symptoms result from vascular instability and coagulation dysfunction. Early supportive care, including intravenous fluids, electrolyte management, and oxygen supplementation, is crucial to improve patient survival.

Vaccine research for Marburg virus is ongoing, with several experimental candidates in preclinical and clinical trials. These include viral vector-based vaccines and recombinant protein vaccines. While there is no commercially available vaccine yet, lessons from Ebola vaccine deployment provide a framework for rapid immunization in outbreak settings.

Ethiopia’s Response Strategy

• Surveillance & Contact Tracing: Identifying all individuals who had close contact with infected patients.
• Isolation & Quarantine: Immediate isolation of suspected cases and home quarantine for exposed contacts.
• Healthcare Support: Deploying trained medical teams to affected regions and setting up temporary treatment centers.
• Community Awareness Campaigns: Educating people about symptoms, safe handling of the sick and deceased, and importance of seeking early medical care.
• International Coordination: Collaborating with WHO, Africa CDC, and non-governmental organisations for technical support, lab testing, and resource mobilization.

Challenges in Containment

• Remote Regions: Rural areas may lack road connectivity, medical facilities, and trained health personnel.
• Cultural Practices: Traditional burial practices can increase virus exposure risk.
• Limited Laboratory Capacity: Diagnosis requires PCR testing, which may not be widely available in affected zones.
• Public Misinformation: Panic, rumors, and distrust in authorities can hinder compliance with containment measures.
• Resource Constraints: Limited availability of personal protective equipment (PPE), sanitizers, and isolation beds.

Way Forward

1. Strengthen Healthcare Infrastructure: Build regional labs capable of rapid viral diagnostics.
2. Community Engagement: Partner with local leaders to spread accurate information and reduce stigma.
3. International Aid: Mobilize global health resources, including funding, PPE, and technical expertise.
4. Vaccine Research: Accelerate clinical trials for Marburg virus vaccines, ensuring eventual accessibility for at-risk populations.
5. Emergency Preparedness Plans: Develop protocols for rapid outbreak containment and inter-regional coordination.
6. Surveillance Expansion: Implement early-warning systems and genomic monitoring to track potential mutations.

Global Implications

Marburg virus outbreaks, though sporadic, can have international consequences due to travel and trade. Rapid sharing of epidemiological data, international support, and adherence to WHO guidelines are critical to prevent escalation into a regional epidemic. Ethiopia’s outbreak serves as a reminder that vigilance and preparedness are necessary even for rare but deadly pathogens.

Conclusion

The Marburg virus outbreak in Ethiopia, resulting in three deaths, is a stark warning about the ongoing threats posed by emerging infectious diseases. High fatality, limited treatment options, and the potential for cross-border transmission make early detection, containment, and public awareness crucial.

While the outbreak is currently limited, Ethiopia’s experience highlights the need for strengthened healthcare systems, rapid response strategies, and global collaboration. Transparent communication, community engagement, and international assistance can mitigate both health and socio-economic impacts.

Marburg virus, though feared, is controllable with prompt action, scientific guidance, and coordinated efforts. Ethiopia’s proactive steps, in partnership with global health agencies, are vital to prevent further fatalities and protect vulnerable populations.

The outbreak also serves as a learning point for other nations in Africa and worldwide, underlining the importance of sustained investment in infectious disease surveillance, research, and emergency preparedness to face future viral threats.

Topic 3: Centre’s Move to Exempt Waste-to-Energy Plants from Environment Impact Assessment Opposed

News Context

The Government of India recently announced a proposal to exempt certain waste-to-energy (WtE) plants from mandatory Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) requirements. This move has sparked strong reactions from environmentalists, urban planners, and public health experts, who argue that such exemptions could compromise environmental safety and public health. Waste-to-energy plants, designed to convert municipal solid waste into electricity or heat through combustion, gasification, or other processes, are increasingly being promoted as solutions to India’s mounting urban waste crisis.

While the government argues that the exemption will fast-track the establishment of WtE projects and support India’s renewable energy targets, critics insist that skipping rigorous environmental review could have severe consequences. The debate highlights a larger tension between infrastructure development, renewable energy ambitions, and sustainable urban planning. With cities like Delhi, Mumbai, and Bengaluru generating thousands of tons of municipal waste daily, waste management has become both a pressing challenge and a policy priority.

The Ministry of Environment, Forests, and Climate Change (MoEFCC) has faced criticism for fast-tracking industrial projects in the past without adequate environmental oversight, leading to air, water, and soil pollution. In the context of WtE plants, emissions of particulate matter, heavy metals, dioxins, and furans from incineration processes can pose serious health risks if not carefully monitored. Environmentalists argue that EIA procedures are essential not just for assessing immediate project impact but also for long-term ecological sustainability.

Explanation

Waste-to-energy technology involves the conversion of municipal solid waste into energy, often through combustion, anaerobic digestion, or pyrolysis. While the technology offers a dual benefit of waste disposal and energy generation, it also carries significant environmental risks. Improperly managed plants can emit toxic pollutants, generate residual ash requiring careful disposal, and disrupt local ecosystems.

EIA is a legal and scientific process designed to evaluate the potential environmental and social impacts of a project before approval. It includes public consultation, baseline environmental studies, assessment of air, water, and soil quality impacts, and recommendations for mitigation measures. Exempting WtE plants from EIA effectively removes these safeguards, which could have far-reaching consequences for nearby communities, urban air quality, and regional ecological balance.

Critics argue that while the intent of the policy is to encourage rapid renewable energy adoption, bypassing environmental scrutiny may lead to long-term costs that outweigh short-term gains. Waste-to-energy plants are often located near urban centers, increasing human exposure to potential pollutants. Therefore, thorough assessment and continuous monitoring remain indispensable to ensure public safety.

Key Facts and Background

• India generates over 1.5 lakh metric tonnes of municipal solid waste per day, with urban centers contributing the bulk.
• Only 60–70% of waste is collected, and less than 30% is processed scientifically.
• Waste-to-energy projects aim to address both energy shortages and urban sanitation challenges.
• The National Green Tribunal (NGT) and several environmental NGOs have previously intervened to ensure compliance of WtE plants with pollution control norms.
• Air pollutants from WtE plants include particulate matter, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, dioxins, and furans.
• Residual ash from WtE plants may contain heavy metals like lead, cadmium, and mercury, requiring safe disposal in engineered landfills.
• Countries like Germany, Japan, and Sweden implement strict emission norms, continuous monitoring, and mandatory EIA for WtE plants to prevent environmental and health hazards.
• India’s EIA Notification 2006 mandates that all new industrial and infrastructure projects undergo impact assessment, with public hearings and mitigation strategies.

Reasons Behind the Opposition

1. Public Health Concerns: WtE plants can release toxic pollutants that increase respiratory diseases, cardiovascular problems, and other health risks, especially in densely populated urban areas.
2. Environmental Protection: Skipping EIA removes the opportunity to assess impacts on air, water, and soil, potentially leading to long-term ecological degradation.
3. Community Rights: Local communities lose the chance to participate in consultation processes, raising concerns about social justice and equitable development.
4. Policy Precedent: Exemptions could set a dangerous precedent for other industrial projects, undermining the regulatory framework designed to balance development with environmental safeguards.
5. Waste Management Challenges: Many urban waste streams are heterogeneous, containing plastics, biomedical waste, and hazardous materials. Without EIA, plants may fail to adopt adequate segregation, treatment, and disposal measures.

How the Waste-to-Energy Process Works

• Combustion-Based Plants: Municipal solid waste is incinerated at high temperatures to generate steam, which drives turbines to produce electricity.
• Gasification: Waste is heated in a low-oxygen environment to produce syngas (a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen) used for power generation.
• Anaerobic Digestion: Organic waste is decomposed by bacteria in oxygen-free conditions to produce biogas, which can be used as fuel.
• Pyrolysis: Waste is thermally decomposed at high temperatures in the absence of oxygen, producing char, oil, and combustible gases.

Each method has specific environmental implications. Combustion-based plants are more prone to airborne pollutant emissions, while gasification and pyrolysis require sophisticated emission control technologies to be safe. Anaerobic digestion is relatively cleaner but limited to organic waste fractions.

Legal and Policy Framework

• Environment Protection Act, 1986: Empowers the government to regulate industrial pollution and mandate environmental safeguards.
• EIA Notification, 2006: Requires impact assessments for new projects, including public consultation and expert review.
• National Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016: Encourage scientific processing of municipal waste and adoption of WtE technologies while ensuring environmental protection.
• Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981: Regulates emissions from industrial installations, including WtE plants.
• Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974: Ensures waste disposal practices do not contaminate water bodies.

The proposed exemption from EIA appears to contradict these regulatory safeguards, raising legal and ethical questions. Environmental groups argue that EIA ensures accountability, transparency, and evidence-based decision-making, all of which are crucial for sustainable energy infrastructure.

Challenges in Exempting WtE Plants from EIA

• Air Pollution: Incineration emits dioxins and furans, which are persistent organic pollutants with carcinogenic potential.
• Soil Contamination: Improper ash disposal can contaminate soil and groundwater.
• Technological Gaps: Many Indian WtE plants lack modern emission control systems like electrostatic precipitators or scrubbers.
• Waste Composition Variability: Mixed waste streams, especially plastics and biomedical waste, can produce unpredictable toxins.
• Monitoring Limitations: Without EIA, continuous environmental monitoring may be inconsistent or absent.
• Public Opposition: Local communities may resist plants due to health fears, creating social friction and project delays.

Arguments in Favor of the Exemption

• Faster Project Approvals: EIA procedures can take years; exemptions may accelerate project commissioning.
• Renewable Energy Goals: India aims to achieve 500 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2030; WtE contributes to this target.
• Urban Sanitation: Rapid establishment of WtE plants may reduce the burden on overflowing landfills.
• Cost Efficiency: Skipping lengthy assessments may reduce pre-construction costs for municipalities and private developers.

Why a Balanced Approach is Needed
Experts suggest that rather than full exemption, a tiered EIA approach could balance development and environmental safety:

• Small-scale, low-emission plants could undergo streamlined assessment.
• Large-scale, high-capacity plants should be subjected to full EIA with public hearings.
• Mandatory installation of continuous emission monitoring systems (CEMS) to track pollutants.
• Development of ash management protocols to prevent soil and water contamination.
• Integration with waste segregation and recycling programs to minimise harmful emissions.

Global Perspective

Countries like Germany, Japan, Sweden, and South Korea have successfully implemented WtE projects with strict environmental norms:

• Germany: Requires detailed EIA, continuous emissions monitoring, and public reporting.
• Sweden: Achieves nearly 99% waste-to-energy conversion with minimal pollution due to advanced filtration systems.
• Japan: Implements strict incineration standards, segregating hazardous waste from municipal streams.

These examples highlight that sustainable WtE operations are possible without compromising environmental safety, provided that regulatory oversight is maintained.

Way Forward

1. Strengthen Regulatory Oversight: Ensure that all WtE projects, regardless of scale, comply with minimum environmental standards.
2. Public Consultation: Involve local communities in decision-making to build trust and ensure accountability.
3. Technological Upgradation: Invest in modern emission control systems and waste segregation technologies.
4. Monitoring and Compliance: Continuous environmental monitoring, coupled with penalties for non-compliance.
5. Capacity Building: Train municipal authorities and plant operators in environmental management and safety protocols.
6. Research and Innovation: Encourage R&D for cleaner WtE technologies and safer ash disposal methods.

Conclusion

India’s urban waste challenge is enormous, and waste-to-energy plants offer a potential solution for sustainable waste management and renewable energy generation. However, exempting WtE plants from mandatory Environment Impact Assessment could undermine public health, environmental integrity, and community trust.

A balanced approach, combining expedited project approvals with mandatory safeguards, technological upgrades, and community engagement, can ensure that WtE plants contribute positively to India’s sustainable development goals without causing irreversible environmental harm.

Sustainable urban planning requires careful deliberation, evidence-based policy decisions, and the active participation of citizens. By integrating renewable energy ambitions with rigorous environmental oversight, India can harness the benefits of WtE plants while protecting its ecological and public health interests.

The debate around EIA exemption is, therefore, not merely a regulatory issue but a reflection of India’s commitment to sustainable development, public welfare, and long-term environmental stewardship.

Topic 4: Understanding Precision Biotherapeutics and Their Potential Impact in India

News Context

Precision biotherapeutics is an emerging frontier in medicine, promising highly targeted treatments tailored to individual patients’ genetic, molecular, and immunological profiles. Unlike traditional “one-size-fits-all” therapies, precision biotherapeutics leverages advancements in genomics, proteomics, and bioengineering to deliver treatments that are more effective, safer, and capable of addressing complex diseases such as cancer, autoimmune disorders, infectious diseases, and genetic disorders.

For India, which faces a dual challenge of a high disease burden and resource constraints, precision biotherapeutics could be transformative. The country is witnessing a rise in non-communicable diseases like cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disorders alongside persistent infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, hepatitis, and emerging viral threats. Precision medicine, through biotherapeutics, offers the potential to optimise treatment efficacy, reduce adverse drug reactions, and enhance healthcare outcomes while making interventions more cost-effective in the long run.

Recent government initiatives, public-private partnerships, and biotech start-ups are driving India’s interest in precision biotherapeutics. With a large genetically diverse population, India has a unique opportunity to develop therapies tailored to its demographic and disease profiles, potentially becoming a global hub for cutting-edge bioengineered treatments.

Explanation

Precision biotherapeutics encompasses a broad spectrum of therapies, including:

• Monoclonal Antibodies (mAbs): Laboratory-engineered antibodies that precisely target disease-causing proteins, widely used in cancer, autoimmune diseases, and viral infections.
• Gene Therapy: Techniques that introduce, remove, or modify genes within a patient’s cells to treat genetic disorders, rare diseases, and some cancers.
• Cellular Therapy: Therapies using living cells, such as CAR-T cell therapy, where a patient’s immune cells are modified to attack cancer cells.
• RNA-Based Therapies: Utilising messenger RNA (mRNA) or small interfering RNA (siRNA) to modulate protein production and correct disease pathways.
• Personalised Vaccines: Designed based on the genetic and molecular profile of a patient’s tumor or infection to enhance immune response.

The core principle of precision biotherapeutics is individualisation. Every human has unique genetic, epigenetic, and molecular characteristics that influence disease progression and treatment response. By understanding these individual differences, biotherapeutics can target disease mechanisms with unprecedented specificity, reducing side effects and improving outcomes.

Key Facts and Scientific Background

• Precision biotherapeutics represents a subset of precision medicine, which integrates genomics, bioinformatics, and advanced diagnostics.
• Globally, the precision medicine market is projected to reach USD 217 billion by 2030, driven by innovations in biotherapeutics.
• India has over 1.4 billion people, making it a genetically diverse population ideal for developing personalised therapies.
• Major disease burdens in India that could benefit from precision biotherapeutics include:
  • Cancer: 1.3 million new cases annually
  • Diabetes: Over 74 million adults
  • Cardiovascular diseases: Leading cause of death, accounting for 28% of mortality
  • Tuberculosis: 2.3 million cases in 2023
• Biotherapeutics can significantly reduce trial-and-error prescribing, which currently contributes to adverse drug reactions and suboptimal outcomes.
• India has seen rapid growth in biotech startups specialising in mAbs, cell therapy, and gene therapy, supported by government initiatives like Biotech KISAN, BIRAC, and PM-STIAC.

How Precision Biotherapeutics Work

1. Disease Profiling: Advanced diagnostics, including genomic sequencing, identify specific disease mutations, biomarkers, and molecular pathways.
2. Target Identification: Key molecules or cells responsible for disease progression are pinpointed.
3. Therapy Design: Biotherapeutics such as monoclonal antibodies, CAR-T cells, or RNA molecules are engineered to precisely target the identified markers.
4. Treatment Delivery: Therapies are administered to the patient, with dosage and schedule tailored to individual responses.
5. Monitoring and Adjustment: Patient response is monitored using biomarkers and imaging to optimise therapy, ensuring efficacy and minimising side effects.

For example, in cancer treatment, a patient with a specific EGFR mutation in lung cancer may receive a targeted monoclonal antibody that binds to EGFR and inhibits tumor growth, rather than conventional chemotherapy, which affects both healthy and diseased cells.

Why Precision Biotherapeutics Matter for India

• Personalised Healthcare: High genetic diversity and disease heterogeneity in India mean that uniform treatments often fail; precision biotherapeutics can bridge this gap.
• Reduced Adverse Effects: Targeted therapies minimise damage to healthy cells, lowering complications and hospitalisation costs.
• Cost Efficiency Over Time: Although upfront therapy costs may be high, better outcomes and reduced hospitalisations make it cost-effective in the long term.
• Addressing Rare Diseases: India has a significant burden of rare genetic disorders. Gene therapy and mRNA-based treatments offer potential cures.
• Combatting Drug Resistance: Precision biotherapeutics can overcome resistance mechanisms in infections like tuberculosis and HIV by specifically targeting resistant strains.
• Boosting Biotech Ecosystem: Fostering innovation in biotherapeutics strengthens India’s research, manufacturing, and export potential.

Global Perspective

• United States: Precision biotherapeutics are widely used in oncology, autoimmune diseases, and rare disorders; FDA-approved CAR-T therapies have transformed leukemia treatment.
• Europe: Germany, Switzerland, and the UK lead in monoclonal antibody development and gene therapies.
• China: Rapidly scaling gene therapy and biotherapeutic manufacturing with government backing.
• Israel: Known for personalised vaccine development and mRNA-based immunotherapies.

India, with its vast patient population and growing biotech sector, can leverage these global trends to develop therapies that are tailored for its unique demographic and disease profile.

Challenges in India

1. High Costs: Precision biotherapeutics require sophisticated infrastructure, which may be unaffordable for many patients.
2. Limited Manufacturing Capability: Biotherapeutic production demands high-tech facilities, cold chain logistics, and stringent quality control.
3. Regulatory Framework: Existing regulations for gene and cell therapies are evolving but may not yet fully support widespread deployment.
4. Skilled Workforce: India needs trained professionals in bioinformatics, molecular biology, and regulatory affairs to implement precision therapies.
5. Accessibility: Rural and low-income populations may have limited access to advanced diagnostics and therapies.
6. Data Privacy and Genomic Ethics: Handling genetic information requires robust frameworks for consent, security, and ethical considerations.
7. Research and Development Gaps: India has made strides in biotech, but cutting-edge research in RNA therapeutics, CRISPR-based gene editing, and CAR-T therapies still lags behind developed nations.

Government Initiatives and Policy Support

• Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council (BIRAC) supports startups and innovation in biotherapeutics.
• National Biopharma Mission promotes translational research in biologics and gene therapies.
• Draft National Guidelines for Gene and Cell Therapy aim to provide regulatory clarity and accelerate approvals.
• Public-Private Partnerships: Collaborations between academic institutions, hospitals, and biotech companies to scale clinical trials.
• Make in India Biopharma Push: Incentivising local manufacturing of biologics to reduce dependence on imports and lower costs.

Way Forward

1. Expanding Genomic Infrastructure: Widespread genome sequencing initiatives can identify biomarkers for precision therapies.
2. Promoting Public Awareness: Patients and doctors must be educated about benefits and limitations of biotherapeutics.
3. Affordable Access Programs: Subsidies, insurance coverage, and tiered pricing models can improve accessibility.
4. Capacity Building: Training programs for clinicians, scientists, and regulatory personnel in biotherapeutics.
5. Strengthening Clinical Trials Ecosystem: Ensuring robust data, ethical standards, and patient safety in domestic trials.
6. Global Collaboration: Partnering with international biotech companies for technology transfer and co-development.
7. Integration with Digital Health: Use AI, telemedicine, and digital platforms to guide personalised treatment protocols.
8. Focusing on Indigenous Diseases: Leveraging India-specific genomic data to develop therapies for diseases prevalent in the Indian population, like dengue, TB, and certain cancers.

Conclusion

Precision biotherapeutics represents a paradigm shift in medical treatment, offering highly targeted and effective therapies tailored to individual patients. For India, the adoption and development of these therapies could significantly improve healthcare outcomes, reduce treatment failures, and address the dual burden of communicable and non-communicable diseases.

The country’s vast population, genetic diversity, and growing biotech sector provide a fertile ground for innovations in monoclonal antibodies, gene therapy, CAR-T cell therapy, and RNA-based treatments. However, challenges remain, including high costs, regulatory complexities, and ensuring equitable access across urban and rural populations.

A strategic approach, combining government support, private sector innovation, global collaboration, and ethical governance, can enable India to harness the full potential of precision biotherapeutics. By doing so, India can not only transform healthcare outcomes for its population but also emerge as a global leader in cutting-edge biomedicine, shaping the future of personalised and precision medicine.

Precision biotherapeutics is more than just a technological advancement—it is a promise of hope, efficiency, and equity in healthcare, offering a future where treatments are not generic but designed for you, based on your biology, your disease, and your life.

Topic 5: India to Submit Updated Climate Targets to U.N. by December End

News Context

India has announced that it will submit updated climate targets (Nationally Determined Contributions, NDCs) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) by the end of December. Environment Minister Bhupender Yadav emphasized that these revised commitments will reflect a higher level of ambition and showcase India’s dedication to combating climate change while balancing economic growth and energy security.

This decision comes at a critical juncture for global climate action. The world is experiencing heightened climate risks, including extreme heatwaves, floods, cyclones, and rising sea levels. For India, which is highly vulnerable to climate impacts, updating the NDCs represents not only a diplomatic gesture but also a domestic roadmap for sustainable growth. The targets will demonstrate India’s commitment to the Paris Agreement, strengthen its global climate leadership, and align with its long-term vision of achieving net-zero emissions by 2070.

The December submission will also reflect India’s approach to a “just transition”, ensuring that climate action does not compromise the energy access, economic development, and livelihoods of its citizens, particularly in rural and vulnerable regions.

Explanation

Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) are country-specific climate commitments submitted under the Paris Agreement. They outline the actions a country will take to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, promote clean energy, and increase resilience to climate impacts. India’s revised NDCs are expected to include:

• Emission Intensity Reduction: A target to reduce carbon emissions per unit of GDP more aggressively.
• Renewable Energy Expansion: Increasing non-fossil fuel-based electricity generation through solar, wind, hydro, and biomass.
• Forest and Carbon Sinks: Enhancing forest cover to absorb more CO₂ from the atmosphere.
• Climate Adaptation Measures: Focused on protecting vulnerable communities, agriculture, and coastal regions from climate impacts.
• Green Technologies and Infrastructure: Promoting energy-efficient industries, green hydrogen, sustainable transportation, and smart urban planning.

India aims to balance economic growth with environmental responsibility, demonstrating that development and sustainability can be pursued together. The updated NDCs are also expected to reflect India’s commitment to innovation, investment, and international cooperation in climate action.

Key Facts and Background

1. Emission Intensity Goal
   India aims to reduce the emissions intensity of its GDP by 45% by 2030 from 2005 levels.

2. Renewable Energy Capacity
   India plans to achieve 50% of its installed electricity capacity from non-fossil fuel sources by 2030.

3. Installed Capacity Target
   The government targets 500 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2030, including solar, wind, and hydro.

4. Forest and Carbon Sinks
   India aims to create an additional 2.5–3 billion tonnes of CO₂ equivalent carbon sink by 2030 through afforestation and forest management programs.

5. Long-term Net-Zero Goal
   India has committed to reaching net-zero emissions by 2070, a target that aligns with its sustainable development priorities.

6. Financial Requirements
   According to government estimates, India may require up to $10 trillion in investment to achieve its net-zero target, emphasizing the need for both domestic and international climate finance.

7. Current Progress
   Reports suggest India is on track to reduce its emissions intensity by 48–57% by 2030, which could surpass its earlier commitments.

8. Energy Transition Needs
   Achieving these targets will require substantial investment in energy storage, grid modernization, and infrastructure for renewable integration.

These facts indicate that India’s updated NDCs are both ambitious and feasible, rooted in measurable goals and aligned with global climate priorities.

Why Updated Climate Targets Matter

1. Global Leadership
   By enhancing its climate commitments, India demonstrates that it is a responsible global player, reinforcing its credibility in international climate negotiations.

2. Energy Transition Acceleration
   Stronger targets encourage faster adoption of renewable energy and clean technologies, reducing dependency on fossil fuels and improving energy security.

3. Economic Opportunity
   Investments in green energy, sustainable infrastructure, and green technologies can generate millions of jobs, stimulate economic growth, and position India as a hub for clean innovation.

4. Protecting Vulnerable Populations
   Climate adaptation initiatives under the NDCs will safeguard rural communities, coastal populations, and agricultural livelihoods, mitigating the impacts of floods, heatwaves, and droughts.

5. Long-term Sustainability
   By focusing on carbon sinks, renewable energy, and climate resilience, India is ensuring environmental sustainability for future generations while maintaining development goals.

Challenges Ahead

1. Funding Constraints
   Mobilizing trillions of dollars for renewable energy projects, adaptation programs, and technology upgrades is a major challenge.

2. Technological Barriers
   Integrating large-scale renewable energy requires advanced storage solutions, smart grids, and efficient transmission networks, which India is still developing.

3. Behavioral and Social Change
   Climate action depends not only on policies but also on behavioral changes—such as energy conservation, sustainable transportation, and waste reduction.

4. Policy and Regulatory Stability
   Achieving ambitious targets requires consistent policies, effective regulations, and institutional capacity, failing which progress could slow down.

5. Equity Concerns
   Reducing emissions while maintaining energy access and economic opportunities for marginalized communities requires careful planning.

6. Climate Finance Dependency
   Reliance on international funds and technology transfers may be vulnerable to global economic fluctuations.

7. Monitoring and Reporting
   Accurate tracking of emissions reductions and renewable energy adoption requires robust monitoring systems and transparency.

Way Forward

1. Mobilizing Climate Finance
   India should leverage multilateral funds, green bonds, and public-private partnerships to secure the required investment.

2. Scaling Technology and Innovation
   Supporting R&D in energy storage, green hydrogen, and clean technologies will reduce costs and accelerate adoption.

3. Strengthening Institutions
   Establish strong governance frameworks at central, state, and local levels to oversee climate policy implementation.

4. Community Engagement
   Public campaigns and grassroots programs will promote energy efficiency, climate literacy, and local adaptation measures.

5. International Cooperation
   Collaboration for technology transfer, capacity building, and climate finance is crucial for meeting ambitious goals.

6. Data-Driven Tracking
   Use of satellite monitoring, IoT, and dashboards can improve transparency and accountability.

7. Policy Integration
   Aligning climate targets with urban planning, agriculture, transport, and industrial policies ensures synergies rather than conflicts.

Conclusion

India’s plan to submit updated NDCs by December end is a strategic step toward global climate leadership. By enhancing renewable energy targets, reducing carbon intensity, and strengthening carbon sinks, India demonstrates that economic growth and climate responsibility can coexist.

While achieving these goals poses significant challenges—financial, technological, and social—the potential benefits are immense: energy security, economic growth, climate resilience, and global recognition.

India’s enhanced climate commitments represent a holistic, inclusive, and forward-looking approach, emphasizing that climate ambition can drive progress rather than hinder it. Successfully implementing these targets will position India as a model for sustainable development, demonstrating how a developing country can thrive while actively combating climate change.

Summary 

CBDT Announces New ITR Forms and Rules under Income Tax Act to be Notified by January 2026

The Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT) has announced that new Income Tax Return (ITR) forms and rules under the updated Income Tax Act will be notified by January 2026. This initiative aims to streamline tax filing, integrate automated systems, and reduce manual errors for salaried individuals, businesses, and professionals. The new forms are expected to cover digital asset reporting, foreign income, updated tax slabs, TDS/TCS reconciliation, and clearer income classifications. By providing pre-filled forms and automation, the system will simplify compliance and reduce disputes, aligning with India’s move towards a tech-driven tax ecosystem. These reforms also aim to harmonize domestic practices with global tax standards, enhancing transparency, reducing litigation, and improving revenue collection. Taxpayers can expect faster processing, improved error rectification, and smoother transition to the updated framework. The CBDT’s step reflects India’s broader commitment to modernizing taxation, promoting voluntary compliance, and ensuring accurate reporting while minimizing administrative burden. Effective implementation will strengthen trust between taxpayers and authorities, enable easier monitoring of compliance, and support a more resilient and transparent financial system. This initiative marks a significant milestone in India’s efforts to balance taxpayer convenience, legal clarity, and fiscal responsibility.

Ethiopia Reports Three Deaths in Marburg Virus Outbreak

Ethiopia has reported three deaths from the Marburg virus, a highly lethal hemorrhagic fever closely related to Ebola. The outbreak occurred in southern regions with limited healthcare access. Transmission occurs through direct contact with bodily fluids of infected individuals or contaminated surfaces, while fruit bats act as natural reservoirs. Marburg virus disease (MVD) has a fatality rate of 24–88%, depending on strain and medical care. Symptoms include fever, headache, vomiting, diarrhea, and hemorrhaging. Ethiopia has initiated surveillance, contact tracing, isolation, and community awareness campaigns to contain the outbreak. Challenges include remote locations, limited lab capacity, cultural burial practices, and misinformation. While no licensed vaccine exists, experimental vaccines and supportive care can reduce fatalities. The outbreak underscores the need for robust healthcare infrastructure, rapid response mechanisms, and international collaboration. Global agencies, including WHO and Africa CDC, are coordinating with Ethiopian authorities to prevent regional spread. The outbreak also serves as a reminder of emerging infectious diseases’ global risks and highlights the importance of investing in surveillance, healthcare access, and public education to mitigate future viral threats.

Centre’s Move to Exempt Waste-to-Energy Plants from Environment Impact Assessment Opposed

The Indian government’s proposal to exempt certain waste-to-energy (WtE) plants from mandatory Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) has faced opposition from environmentalists and public health experts. WtE plants convert municipal solid waste into electricity through combustion, gasification, or pyrolysis. While intended to accelerate renewable energy targets and address urban waste challenges, skipping environmental review could endanger air, water, and soil quality, emitting particulate matter, heavy metals, dioxins, and furans. EIA ensures comprehensive assessment of ecological, social, and public health impacts through baseline studies, public consultations, and mitigation plans. Critics warn that hasty approvals could jeopardize long-term environmental sustainability, urban planning, and community health. India’s growing urban waste problem necessitates careful balance between infrastructure development and ecological protection, particularly in densely populated cities like Delhi, Mumbai, and Bengaluru. Proper environmental oversight can prevent toxic emissions, ensure safe waste disposal, and support sustainable energy generation. Maintaining rigorous assessment processes ensures WtE projects contribute positively to India’s renewable energy goals without compromising public safety or environmental integrity.

What Are Precision Biotherapeutics? How Can They Help India?

Precision biotherapeutics are highly targeted medical treatments designed based on individual genetic, molecular, and immunological profiles. Unlike traditional medicines, which adopt a “one-size-fits-all” approach, precision therapies tailor interventions to a patient’s unique biology, enhancing efficacy while minimizing side effects. In India, where disease burden is diverse and healthcare resources are limited, precision biotherapeutics can revolutionize treatment for cancer, autoimmune disorders, and infectious diseases. By integrating genomics, proteomics, and bioinformatics, Indian healthcare can improve early diagnosis, optimize treatment plans, and reduce trial-and-error prescriptions. Adoption also strengthens domestic biotechnology and research sectors, encouraging innovation and global competitiveness. Challenges include high costs, infrastructure requirements, and regulatory oversight, but strategic government policies, public-private partnerships, and research investments can mitigate these barriers. For India, precision biotherapeutics represent a path toward personalized, cost-effective, and outcome-driven healthcare, transforming patient care and reinforcing the nation’s position in cutting-edge medical science.

India to Submit Updated Climate Targets to U.N. by December End

India is set to submit updated Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) to the United Nations by December 2025, reflecting enhanced climate ambition. Environment Minister Bhupender Yadav stated that these targets will reduce emission intensity, expand renewable energy, strengthen carbon sinks, and enhance climate resilience while aligning with India’s long-term net-zero by 2070 goal. The updated commitments integrate renewable energy expansion, forest conservation, sustainable urban planning, and green technology adoption, demonstrating India’s leadership in climate action. Challenges include mobilizing trillions in investment, technological gaps, and ensuring equitable energy transition. Strengthened governance, data-driven monitoring, international cooperation, and public engagement are essential for successful implementation. The submission will not only enhance global credibility but also catalyze domestic energy transition, economic growth, and climate adaptation strategies. By balancing sustainable development with emission reduction, India aims to foster inclusive, resilient, and forward-looking climate action, positioning itself as a global model for climate governance while protecting vulnerable communities from escalating climate risks.

CBDT Announces New ITR Forms and Rules under Income Tax Act

Q1. The CBDT plans to notify new ITR forms and rules by January 2026 to improve the efficiency and accuracy of income tax compliance in India. Consider the following statements regarding the expected impact of these reforms:

1. The new ITR forms will integrate pre-filled information from Form 16, TDS/TCS records, and bank interest certificates to reduce manual entry errors.
2. Digital assets, including cryptocurrency and NFTs, will have designated sections in the ITR forms, ensuring proper disclosure and compliance.
3. Businesses and professionals with multiple income streams will be exempted from filing income tax returns under the new system.

Which of the above statements are correct?

A) 1 and 2 only
B) 2 and 3 only
C) 1 and 3 only
D) All of the above

Answer: A) 1 and 2 only
Explanation: Pre-filled forms and digital asset reporting are central to the reform. Businesses and professionals are not exempted; they still must file returns.

Q2. India’s taxation system is moving towards automation and technology-driven compliance through new ITR forms. Analyze the following statements about the benefits and challenges associated with this initiative:

1. The automated pre-filling of returns and AI-assisted discrepancy detection is expected to reduce litigation and disputes between taxpayers and the Income Tax Department.
2. Rural and semi-urban taxpayers might face difficulties due to low digital literacy, and targeted awareness campaigns will be required for effective implementation.
3. With the new forms, the requirement to reconcile TDS/TCS and income from foreign sources has been completely removed to simplify compliance.

Which of the statements are correct?

A) 1 and 2 only
B) 2 and 3 only
C) 1 and 3 only
D) All of the above

Answer: A) 1 and 2 only
Explanation: AI and automation reduce errors and disputes, but digital literacy challenges persist. Reconciliation requirements are not removed, especially for foreign income.

India to Submit Updated Climate Targets to U.N. by December End: Bhupender Yadav

Q3. India is preparing to submit updated climate targets to the United Nations by the end of December. Consider the following statements about the significance and objectives of this submission:

1. The updated targets reflect India’s commitment to reducing carbon intensity and increasing renewable energy capacity.
2. Submission of new targets to the U.N. allows India to revise its obligations under the Paris Agreement while aligning with global climate finance frameworks.
3. By submitting the updated targets, India will automatically qualify for exemption from international scrutiny on environmental issues.

Which statements are correct?

A) 1 and 2 only
B) 2 and 3 only
C) 1 and 3 only
D) All of the above

Answer: A) 1 and 2 only
Explanation: Updated targets demonstrate commitment to decarbonisation and global cooperation. Exemption from scrutiny is not automatic.

Q4. India’s updated climate action plan focuses on renewable energy expansion and emission reductions. Analyze the following:

1. Enhanced renewable energy deployment and electric mobility adoption are central to achieving the updated targets.
2. Accurate reporting to the U.N. strengthens India’s position in global climate negotiations and can help mobilize international funding.
3. Domestic emission reduction policies will be relaxed as long as India meets its international reporting obligations.

Select the correct answer:

A) 1 and 2 only
B) 2 and 3 only
C) 1 and 3 only
D) All of the above

Answer: A) 1 and 2 only
Explanation: Renewable energy and accurate reporting are key. Domestic emission reduction cannot be relaxed merely due to reporting.

Ethiopia Reports Three Deaths in Marburg Virus Outbreak

Q5. Ethiopia recently reported fatalities due to Marburg virus. Evaluate the following statements about the virus and the outbreak:

1. Marburg virus is a highly lethal hemorrhagic virus, closely related to Ebola, with a fatality rate ranging from 24% to 88%.
2. Human-to-human transmission primarily occurs through direct contact with infected bodily fluids, contaminated surfaces, or close exposure to fruit bats, its natural reservoir.
3. The outbreak was contained solely by the deployment of vaccines already widely available in the affected regions.

Which of the statements are correct?

A) 1 and 2 only
B) 2 and 3 only
C) 1 and 3 only
D) All of the above

Answer: A) 1 and 2 only
Explanation: Marburg virus is highly lethal and spreads through contact with infected fluids. No widely available vaccines currently exist; supportive care is the main treatment.

Q6. Consider the response strategy adopted by Ethiopia to control the Marburg outbreak:

1. Surveillance, contact tracing, and home quarantine of exposed individuals were implemented to prevent further transmission.
2. International collaboration with WHO and Africa CDC was initiated to provide technical support and laboratory capacity.
3. The outbreak demonstrated that Marburg virus cannot be contained without mandatory vaccination of the entire population.

Select the correct answer:

A) 1 and 2 only
B) 2 and 3 only
C) 1 and 3 only
D) All of the above

Answer: A) 1 and 2 only
Explanation: Ethiopia used containment measures and international coordination. Mandatory vaccination is not currently possible, as vaccines are experimental.

Centre’s Move to Exempt Waste-to-Energy Plants from Environment Impact Assessment Opposed

Q7. The Indian government proposed exempting certain Waste-to-Energy (WtE) plants from mandatory Environment Impact Assessment (EIA). Consider the following:

1. Exempting WtE plants from EIA can accelerate project approvals but may risk environmental safety and public health.
2. EIA procedures include baseline studies, pollution assessment, and public consultation before project approval.
3. WtE plants do not emit harmful pollutants if EIA is bypassed, hence the exemption is harmless.

Which statements are correct?

A) 1 and 2 only
B) 2 and 3 only
C) 1 and 3 only
D) All of the above

Answer: A) 1 and 2 only
Explanation: Skipping EIA may compromise safety; EIA assesses ecological and health impacts. WtE plants can emit pollutants, so exemption is not harmless.

Q8. Environmentalists and urban planners oppose the WtE exemption. Analyze the implications:

1. Without EIA, emissions of particulate matter, heavy metals, and dioxins may pose long-term health risks.
2. Fast-tracking renewable energy projects is the only objective, and EIA is redundant for modern technologies.
3. Sustainable urban planning requires balancing waste management, energy generation, and ecological safeguards.

Select the correct answer:

A) 1 and 3 only
B) 2 only
C) 1 and 2 only
D) All of the above

Answer: A) 1 and 3 only
Explanation: Environmental risks are real; sustainable urban planning requires careful oversight. EIA is not redundant.

What are Precision Biotherapeutics? How Can They Help India?

Q9. Precision biotherapeutics are emerging as a targeted approach to treatment. Consider the following statements:

1. Precision biotherapeutics use patient-specific biomarkers to tailor treatment, minimizing side effects and maximizing efficacy.
2. They are expected to reduce the burden on India’s healthcare system by providing faster, more efficient therapies for complex diseases like cancer.
3. Precision therapeutics completely eliminate the need for conventional medicine and vaccines.

Which statements are correct?

A) 1 and 2 only
B) 2 and 3 only
C) 1 and 3 only
D) All of the above

Answer: A) 1 and 2 only
Explanation: Precision biotherapeutics personalize treatment and can reduce healthcare burdens. They do not replace conventional medicine entirely.

Q10. Which of the following statements accurately describe the potential impact of precision biotherapeutics in India?

1. Early adoption can improve outcomes in oncology, autoimmune diseases, and rare genetic disorders.
2. Implementation may face challenges such as high costs, regulatory hurdles, and infrastructure limitations.
3. Precision biotherapeutics can immediately cure all chronic illnesses across India without additional research or investment.

Select the correct answer:

A) 1 and 2 only
B) 2 and 3 only
C) 1 and 3 only
D) All of the above

Answer: A) 1 and 2 only
Explanation: They hold promise for specific diseases but face practical challenges. They cannot cure all chronic illnesses immediately.

Sankalp Daily Current Affairs Archives 

Free Learning Resources